Out walkies this morning, and pondering the eternal "but where does all that money go in a stock-market downturn?" question....
Well, it's an obvious question, innit? You think of capital as moving around like water in the Glooper, right? Maybe not perfectly incompressible, but there's a certain amount of it, and it doesn't just go poof and vanish?
Er.
This morning, I had a blindingly obvious revelation: the aggregate market value of all the securities that might be traded is currently (perhaps usually) much higher than the amount of cash that was put into purchasing them, and also far higher than the plausible cash value.
Disregarding for the moment such factors as finding a buyer who'll exchange cash for your shares and losses to capital-gains taxes, brokerage fees, and suchlike, ponder:
Consider the case of Amalgamated Fuzz, which closed at $26.56 today, with a market capitalization of $126.29 million, and 52,288 shares traded.
Dividing market cap by share price, we find that there ought to be 4.75 million shares, whereof 1.1% changed hands at something approximating today's price. (And that number might need to be adjusted downward, if high-frequency traders are passing the same shares back and forth.)
Now, if something closer to 100% of shares were traded on a given day, or even in a given year, we might believe that the market cap actually reflected the amount of capital that had been put into those shares, and perhaps something approximating the cash value.
But... what if most of the trading volume, considered over a year, is some small fraction of the shares being passed around, while the majority are held by long-term investors, who just sit there collecting the nice dividends?
Like, suppose I'd bought Amalgamated Fuzz back in 1975, and my cost basis per share (after splits) ended up being $0.77?
Suppose further that I had a 30% stake in Amalgamated (1.425 million shares). Apparent market value: almost $38 million. Actual price paid: $1.1 million. Nice capital appreciation there. And I've been collecting the dividends all this time, but that's beside the point.
Thing is: the shares are trading in the $26 range because only 1% of them are being traded. Try selling off any large chunks, and I won't get so much. Try selling off my whole stake, and, while I'd certainly get enough to buy many cups of coffee, I wouldn't be buying that coffee plantation.
The key point for today: most of that money in the stock market doesn't exist, never did, and, in practice, never can. It's the result of multiplying a low-volume price by a much larger volume. (See also: Sears horsepower.)
And the illusion is enabled by the stodgy, old-fashioned, buy-and-hold investors: the kind we want to encourage, for a variety of good reasons.
Like so much else in the world, it's smoke and mirrors. And a selloff, obviously, yields much less in cash than the apparent loss in market cap, because prices are falling during (and as both result and cause of) the selloff, and that affects the unsold shares as well as the sold ones. So, indeed, a lot of that money does just vanish. Poof!
Fuzzy-minded afterthoughts:
- When you discover that your $1.2 million retirement account became a $265 thousand retirement account since last month's statement, it doesn't mean the banksters made off with your money (though no doubt they collected some nice performance bonuses on the upside). It wasn't actual money to begin with, and, like fairy gold, it has now turned to dust.
- The "market capitalization" for a company reflects neither the amount of money used to purchase its shares nor the amount of working capital available to the company. It's a well-defined, easily-calculated number that doesn't mean much. Sounds impressive, though.
- Tulip bulbs, anyone?
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